The climate is fairly mild in the coastal areas, and is harsher and rainy in the interior, with considerable fluctuations in temperature between winter and summer, giving the region a soil-building active freeze-thaw cycle, in part accounting for the region once having served as a key breadbasket of ancient Rome. Many of Tuscany's most significant cities lie on the banks of the Arno, including the capital, Florence, Empoli, and Pisa. Plains occupy 8.4% of the total area-1,930 square kilometres (750 sq mi)-mainly around the valley of the Arno. Hills make up nearly two-thirds (66.5%) of the region's total area, covering 15,292 square kilometres (5,904 sq mi), and mountains (of which the highest are the Apennines), a further 25%, or 5,770 square kilometres (2,230 sq mi).
Surrounded and crossed by major mountain chains and with few (but fertile) plains, the region has a relief that is dominated by hilly country used for agriculture. Tuscany has an area of approximately 22,993 square kilometres (8,878 sq mi). Tuscany has a western coastline on the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, among which is the Tuscan Archipelago, of which the most significant island is Elba. The comune (municipality) of Badia Tedalda, in the Tuscan Province of Arezzo, has an exclave named Ca' Raffaello within Emilia-Romagna. Roughly triangular in shape, Tuscany borders the regions of Liguria to the northwest, Emilia-Romagna to the north, Marche and Umbria to the east, and Lazio to the southeast. In 2018, Florence alone had over 5 million arrivals, making it the world's 51st most visited city. Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves, making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations.
The Maremma region, Siena, Lucca, the Chianti region, Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers.Įight Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites: the historic Centre of Florence (1982) the Cathedral square of Pisa (1987) the historical centre of San Gimignano (1990) the historical centre of Siena (1995) the historical centre of Pienza (1996) the Val d'Orcia (2004), the Medici Villas and Gardens (2013), and Montecatini Terme as part of the Great Spa Towns of Europe (2021). The town of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region, with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals. The main tourist spots are Florence, Castiglione della Pescaia, Pisa, San Gimignano, Lucca, Grosseto and Siena. Tuscany is the second most popular Italian region for travellers in Italy, after Veneto. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is sometimes considered "a nation within a nation". Tuscany is also known for its wines, including Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano, Brunello di Montalcino and white Vernaccia di San Gimignano. It has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science, and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti. The prestige established by the Tuscan dialect's use in literature by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini led to its subsequent elaboration as the language of culture throughout Italy. It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and of the foundations of the Italian language. Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, artistic legacy, and its influence on high culture.
The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze). Tuscany ( / ˈ t ʌ s k ə n i/ TUSK-ə-nee Italian: Toscana ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres (8,900 square miles) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants.
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